"The History and Evolution of Human Migration: A Global Perspective", what is benefit of it

 

THE BOSOM OF AMERICA IS OPEN TO RECEIVE NOT ONLY THE OPULENT AND RESPECTABLE STRANGER, BUT THE OPPRESSED AND PERSECUTED OF ALL NATIONS AND RELIGIONS.
-George Washington 1732-1799 

Many people believe that migration is a relatively new phenomena. However, for generations, migration has been a part of human existence. People have always moved, both individually and in groups, to escape political persecution or religious intolerance, to pursue new jobs and economic possibilities, to avoid poverty and famine, to escape war and conflict, to trade, or even to travel to new areas. Some specific migratory periods or events that have occurred during the past four centuries have been highlighted by the historian Robin Cohen (1995).European, African, and Asian migration (17th century onwards) During the modern era, migration occurred inside Europe for economic reasons as farmers moved to work in newly emerging industries and as religious groups like the Jews and Huguenots tried to flee persecution. During the 17th and 18th centuries, workers' lives were routinely impacted by seasonal or circular migration, which is the name for those who travel abroad and then return home each year. Additionally, Africa has a long history of population migration that predates colonization (Afani, 2013). These included seasonal or circular migration for hunting, farming, or pastoralism; migration for trade and pilgrimage; migration to escape natural calamities and conflict; and migration in quest of more security and subsistence.For instance, pilgrimages to Arabian Peninsula religious sites were frequently associated with migration from Nigeria in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Asia, trade has always been crucial to people's ability to move around. Chinese and Arab traders reached the Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos, as well as the Malay peninsula, via well-established sea routes. Additionally, there were established commercial lines connecting West Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India. For blacksmiths, acrobats, and singers who traveled in tiny social groups throughout South Asia, circular migration was a typical aspect of their working lives.

Long-term habitation in the colonies from the 1500s to the middle of the 19th century Following the colonization of North and South America by Europeans, as well as Australia and New Zealand, there was a significant influx of Europeans who stayed permanently in these areas (such as the Pilgrim Fathers, who left Plymouth in 1620). Beginning in the 1500s, European colonization of the Americas accelerated in the 18th and early 19th century. Britain, Spain, Portugal, Germany, the Netherlands, and France were among the European nations that encouraged their citizens to relocate overseas (Tinker, 1995). The establishment of European dominance over vast swaths of the globe was facilitated by this migration. Native people in the colonized areas were wiped off by the new diseases that European invaders frequently introduced.

From 1550 to the end of the 18th century, slaveryOne of the biggest labor migrations in human history was the slave trade. In order to meet the need for hard field labor on the sugar and tobacco plantations controlled by White immigrants, the first slave ship set sail from Africa to the West Indies in 1550. Over 10 million Africans are thought to have been forcibly transported as slaves, mostly from Western Africa, to the Americas; many of them perished in the process. The African traffickers who planned the raids and the forcible migration of slaves from their homes to the shore also caused a great deal of death.While waiting to be sold in structures called "slave forts" and on the slave ships that transported them across the Atlantic, African slaves were also at risk. According to historians, as many people perished in Africa as were removed from it. Approximately 40 million people in the Americas and the Caribbean are thought to be descended from slaves today. Britain emerged as the world's most powerful slave trader by the early 1700s. As many as one-fifth of affluent Victorian Britons made all or part of their fortunes from the slave industry, according to a recent study on slave ownership in Britain.By the end of the 19th century, the large-scale slave trade in Africa had stopped. All types of slavery were outlawed by law in several European, American, and colonial nations during the 19th century. The British government compensated slave owners with billions of pounds in today's currency after the British Slavery Abolition Act went into effect in 1834, outlawing slavery over the majority of the British empire. 

Labor under indenture (1834–1917)Indentured labor, another type of bound labor, took the place of slaves working on plantations in British colonies when slavery was abolished. China and India were the main sources of indentured labor. About 2 million Indians were enslaved to 19 British colonies between 1834 and the conclusion of World War I, including Fiji, Mauritius, the Caribbean islands, sections of South America, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia (Tinker, 1993). The next largest supplier of indentured laborers to the Americas, the Philippines, and the Caribbean islands was China.Agents who recruited indentured workers were paid for each new hire they brought on board. This resulted in fraudulent activities including kidnapping and forced transportation (particularly in China), as well as false representations about the labor, pay, and most frequently, the distance to the colony the workers were being moved to. Many indentured servants perished during the bondage period as a result of the difficult conditions on the way to the colonies and the subpar working conditions on the estates. Despite being free men and women bound by a labor contract, the indentured laborers' circumstances were similar to those of slaves before them. The working conditions were subpar, the hours were lengthy, and the pay was frequently less than what was promised.Beginning at the end of the eighteenth century, the Indian nationalist movement developed political opposition to the system of indentured labor. The leader of the Indian independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi, was effective in drawing attention to South Africa's exploitation and abuse of Indian indentured laborers. In 1917, the British government formally abolished the indenture system in its colonies.

The New World Migration (1800s-1930)The industrialization of Australia and New Zealand as well as the emergence of the United States of America as a major industrial power are associated with this stage of international migration. Motivated by the promise of economic opportunity settled in the Americas and the erstwhile colonies in the New World, migrants aspired to flee poverty and politically oppressive governments in their home countries in Europe.Between 1800 and 1930, an estimated 48 million individuals migrated outside of Europe (Massey et al., 1998). Approximately eight million of individuals migrated from the British Isles, including over a million who left Ireland after the 1845–1847 potato famine. Until the 1970s, the governments of Australia and New Zealand kept providing assisted passages to European migrants.

Migration after World War II (late 1940s to 1960s)In order to support the post-war reconstruction efforts in Europe and the economic boom in North America, Australia, and Europe, labor was needed during this time of migration. Former French colonies in North Africa migrated to France, Turkish migrants went to Germany, and migrants from the Caribbean and South Asia flocked to Britain in search of employment.It only cost £10 (less than a tenth of the usual cost) to migrate to Australia, so for some groups of migrants, like those from Britain to Australia, this migration was seen as a permanent move that was encouraged by the receiving country (hence known as "ten pound poms"). Temporary visas were granted to numerous different types of migrants, including those traveling from Turkey to Germany as "guest workers." Many of these labor migrants settled in the host nation, notably South Asian migrants to the UK.

Migration after the 1970sThe diversity of sending and destination nations has increased dramatically since the 1970s. A growing number of migrants are drawn to a variety of different nations in addition to the typical immigration-receiving nations in the Americas, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. These include nations like Italy, Spain, and Portugal that have historically been emigration hotspots. In addition, a large number of people are migrating to the Gulf countries to meet the need for labor due to the rise in oil prices and the ensuing economic boom, but the majority of these migrants are temporary.Additionally, labor migration from impoverished Asian nations like Bangladesh and Burma has increased to newly industrialized nations like Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Singapore. There are characteristics that set this stage of migration apart from previous migration phases. The UN claims that the percentage of female migrants has grown over time. Women made up about half of all migrants worldwide in 2005; in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, Oceania, and the former USSR, there were more women than men (Koser, 2007: 6). Traditionally, women have moved to join their families or spouses, or to migrate with their families in the past, but more and more women are moving on their own.These women are labor migrants who frequently provide the majority of their families' income. Another shift is that transitory and circular migration is once again becoming more significant, in contrast to previous periods when movement was more likely to result in permanent residence. Compared to previous eras, people are more likely to migrate multiple times throughout their lifetimes, to different nations, and then back to their home country.